MY LEARNING INSTRUMENT

Dosen : Loekisno Ch.W A. Pendahuluan Ilmu Perbandinghan Agama (IPA) sering menimbulkan salah pengertian. Pertama, seseorang sering memahami IPA sebagai ilmu yang hanya membandingkan antara agama yang satu dengan agama lain. Padahal tujuan dari IPA bukan sekedar membanding-bandingkan, tetapi lebih luas dari itu. Bahkan seorang sering mengira bahwa tugas IPA adalah menilai kesalahan-kesalahan agama lain. Padahal menilai kesalahan-kesalahan agama lain bukanlah tugas dari IPA, tetapi tugas dari Ilmu Kalam atau Teologi Islam. Kedua, seseorang dengan apriori mengangap bahwa IPA mendangkalkan aqidah. Sebab seseorang mengira bahwa dengan mempelajari IPA akan mengurangi keyakinan agama Islam. Padahal justru dengan mempelajari IPA seorang Muslim akan semakin menemukan mutu-manikam keunggulan ajaran agama Islam dibandingkan ajaran agama lain. Mutu-manikam keunggulan ajaran Islam kurang tampak kalau tidak dibandingkan dengan ajaran agama lain, tetapi justru tampak cemerlang setelah dibandingkan de...

Oleh : Loekisno Ch.W What is the Philosophy of Science?: Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions, foundations, and implications of science . The philosophy of science may be divided into two areas: Epistemology of science and metaphysics of science. Philosophers of science are interested in: the history of concepts and terms and how they are currently used in science; the relation between propositions with arguments ( Formal logic ); the reasoning connecting hypotheses and conclusions ( Scientific method ); the manner in which science explains natural phenomena and predicts natural occurrences ( observation ); the types of reasoning that are used to arrive at scientific conclusions ( deduction , induction , abduction ); the formulation, scope, and limits of scientific understanding; the means that should be used for determining when scientific information has adequate support ( objectivity ); and the implications of scientific methods and models, along with the technology t...

By LOEKISNO CH.W A. DEFINITION OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state , government , politics , liberty , justice , property , rights , law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority : what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate , what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown—if ever. In a vernacular sense, the term "political philosophy" often refers to a general view, or specific ethic, belief or attitude, about politics that does not necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy . Three central concerns of political philosophy have been the political economy by which property rights are defined and access to capital is regulated, the demands of justice in distribution and punishment, ...